Here we provide practical, helpful breastfeeding information. Dive into our resources to find out how breastfeeding can be one of the most important things you do for both you and your baby!

What is breastfeeding?

Breastfeeding, also called nursing, can be an easy and inexpensive way for a mother to feed her child.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Policy Statement on Breastfeeding, women who don’t have health problems should exclusively breastfeed their infants for at least the first six months of life.  The AAP suggests that women try to breastfeed for the first 12 months of life because of the benefits to both the mother and baby.

There are many benefits to breastfeeding. Even if you are able to do it for only a short time, your baby’s immune system can benefit from breast milk. Here are many other benefits of breast milk for a mother, her baby, and others:

Benefits For Baby:

• Breast milk is the most complete form of nutrition for infants. A mother’s milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein that is needed for a baby’s growth and development. Most babies find it easier to digest breast milk than they do formula.
• As a result, breastfed infants grow exactly the way they should. They tend to gain less unnecessary weight and to be leaner. This may result in being less overweight later in life.
• Premature babies do better when breastfed compared to premature babies who are fed formula.
• Breastfed babies score slightly higher on IQ tests, especially babies who were born pre-maturely.

Benefits For Mom:

• Nursing uses up extra calories, making it easier to lose the pounds of pregnancy. It also helps the uterus to get back to its original size and lessens any bleeding a woman may have after giving birth.
• Breastfeeding, especially exclusive breastfeeding (no supplementing with formula), delays the return of normal ovulation and menstrual cycles. (However, you should still talk with your doctor or nurse about birth control choices.)
• Breastfeeding lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, and possibly the risk of hip fractures and osteoporosis after menopause.
• Breastfeeding makes your life easier. It saves time and money. You do not have to purchase, measure, and mix formula. There are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night!
• A mother can give her baby immediate satisfaction by providing her breast milk when her baby is hungry.
• Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time for herself and her baby.
• Breastfeeding can help a mother to bond with her baby. Physical contact is important to newborns and can help them feel more secure, warm and comforted.
• Breastfeeding mothers may have increased self-confidence and feelings of closeness and bonding with their infants.

Benefits For Society:

• Breastfeeding saves on health care costs. Total medical care costs for the nation are lower for fully breastfed infants than never-breastfed infants since breastfed infants typically need fewer sick care visits, prescriptions, and hospitalizations.
• Breastfeeding contributes to a more productive workforce. Breastfeeding mothers miss less work, as their infants are sick less often. Employer medical costs also are lower and employee productivity is higher.
• Breastfeeding is better for our environment because there is less trash and plastic waste compared to that produced by formula cans and bottle supplies.

Health Risks of Not Breastfeeding

• Breast milk has agents (called antibodies) in it to help protect infants from bacteria and viruses. Recent studies show that babies who are not exclusively breastfed for 6 months are more likely to develop a wide range of infectious diseases including ear infections, diarrhea, respiratory illnesses and have more hospitalizations. Also, infants who are not breastfed have a 21% higher postneonatal infant mortality rate in the U.S.
• Some studies suggest that infants who are not breastfed have higher rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the first year of life, and higher rates of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, overweight and obesity, high cholesterol and asthma. More research in these areas is needed (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005).
• Babies who are not breastfed are sick more often and have more doctor’s visits.
• Also, when you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. Unlike human milk straight from the breast, infant formula has a chance of being contaminated.

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Your lifestyle can have an effect on your breast milk, and therefore on your baby. It’s important to take care of yourself so you can provide the best care to your baby. This includes getting enough rest and proper nutrition so you have enough energy to take care of your baby and avoid illness. Some women think that when they are sick, they should not breastfeed. But, most common illnesses, such as colds, flu, or diarrhea, can’t be passed through breast milk. In fact, if you are sick, your breast milk will have antibodies in it. These antibodies will help protect your baby from getting the same sickness. Here are some other lifestyle issues that affect breast milk:

• Diet
• Smoking, Drugs, and Alcohol
• Medications
• Sleeping Close to Baby

Diet & Breastfeeding

Nutrition

If you generally have a good diet, you will produce healthy breast milk for your baby, even if you don’t eat well at times. Women often try to improve their diets while they are pregnant. Continuing with an improved diet after your baby is born will help you stay healthy, which will help your mood and energy level. But, chronically undernourished women who have had diets very low in vitamins and minerals, and low stores in their bodies may produce milk that is lower than normal in some vitamins, especially vitamins A, D, B6, or B12. These breastfeeding mothers can help the vitamin levels in their milk return to normal by improving their diets or by taking vitamin supplements. It is recommended that nursing mothers take in about 2700 calories every day (about 500 calories more than a non-pregnant, non-nursing woman).

Fluids

Many women think they have to drink a lot of fluids to have a good milk supply. This is actually untrue. But, you do need to drink enough fluids to stay well hydrated for your own health and strength to give your baby the best care you can. Always drink when you are thirsty, which is your body’s signal that you need fluid. You can make it easy to remember to get enough fluid if you drink a glass of water or a nutritious beverage, like milk or juice, every time you feed your baby.

Caffeine

Many breastfeeding women wonder about how caffeine will affect their baby. Results from studies show that, while excessive caffeine intake (more than five 5 ounce cups of coffee per day) can cause the baby to be fussy and not able to sleep well, moderate caffeine intake (fewer than five 5 ounce cups) usually doesn’t cause a problem for most breastfeeding babies.

Allergies

Research shows that a mother’s milk is affected only slightly by the food in her diet. But sometimes a baby may have a reaction to something you eat (like spicy foods, foods that can cause gas, or dairy products). Symptoms in your baby of an allergy to something in your diet include diarrhea, rash, fussiness, gas, dry skin, green stools with mucus, or the baby pulling up his/her knees and screaming. This doesn’t mean the baby is allergic to your milk. If you stop eating whatever is bothering your baby, the problem usually goes away on its own.

Here’s how to tell if something you are eating is upsetting your baby:

It takes about two to six hours for your body to digest and absorb the food you eat and pass it into your breast milk.

• If you eat dinner at 5:00 P.M., and your baby shows the symptoms listed above around 9:00 P.M., think about what you ate for dinner. To be sure if those foods are causing the problem, you will have to eat them again and see if your baby has the same reaction.
• If your baby seems very fussy, try keeping a record of what you eat and drink.
• Bring the record to your baby’s doctor to talk about a possible link between certain foods and your baby’s symptoms.
• If you think a particular food is causing a problem, stop eating it for a while and see if your baby reacts better. You can always try later to introduce that food again into your diet in small amounts. If your baby doesn’t seem to react to it anymore, you could add more the next time.

Sometimes a baby can be born with a condition called primary lactase deficiency or with galactosemia, in which he or she can’t tolerate breast milk. This happens when the body can’t break down lactose, a sugar found in the milk of humans and animals. Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting. Babies with severe galactosemia may have liver problems, malnutrition, or mental retardation. Babies with these conditions must be fed formula that comes from plants, such as soy milk or a special galactose-free formula.

Smoking, Drugs and Alcohol While Breastfeeding

Smoking

If you smoke tobacco, it is best for you and your baby if you try to quit as soon as possible. Talk to your doctor for help. Tobacco from cigarettes contains a drug called nicotine, which transfers to breast milk and may even affect the amount of milk you produce. The risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) becomes greater when a mother smokes or when the baby is around second-hand (or passive) smoke. Smoking and passive smoke may also increase respiratory and ear infections in babies. If you can’t quit, it is still better to breastfeed because the benefits of breast milk still outweigh the risks from nicotine.

Illegal Drugs & Breastfeeding

If you are breastfeeding, you should not take illegal drugs. Some drugs, such as cocaine and PCP, can make the baby high. Other drugs, such as heroin and marijuana can cause irritability, poor sleeping patterns, tremors, and vomiting. Babies can become addicted to these drugs. If you are having a hard time quitting, ask your doctor or a trusted friend for help.

Alcohol & Breastfeeding

If you breastfeed, you should avoid drinking alcohol. Alcohol does get to your baby through breast milk, and has been found to peak in its concentration about 30 to 60 minutes after drinking, or 60 to 90 minutes if it is taken with food. The effects of alcohol on the breastfeeding baby are directly related to the amount of alcohol a mother consumes. Moderate to heavy drinking (2 or more alcoholic drinks per day) can interfere with the let-down reflex and the milk-ejection reflex. It also can harm the baby’s motor development and cause slow weight gain. For this reason, and for your general health, if alcohol is used, intake should be limited. Light drinking or an occasional drink is okay, but avoid breastfeeding for two hours after the drink.

Medications While Breastfeeding

Always talk with your doctor before taking any medications. Most medications pass into your milk in small amounts. If you take medication for a chronic condition such as high blood pressure, diabetes or asthma, your medication may already have been studied in breastfeeding women, so you should be able to find information to help you make an informed decision with the help of your doctor. Newer medications and medications for rare disorders may have less information available.

In general, when breastfeeding it is safe to take:

• acetaminophen (like Tylenol)
• antibiotics
• epilepsy medications (although one, Primidone, should be taken with caution – talk with your doctor about this drug)
• most antihistamines
• moderate amounts of caffeine (remember there is caffeine in soda and in chocolate)
• decongestants
• ibuprofen (like Advil)
• insulin
• quinine
• thyroid medicines
• progestin-only birth control pills (the “mini-pill”)

Medications that are not safe to take when breastfeeding:

Some drugs can be taken by a nursing mother if she stops breastfeeding for a few days or weeks. She can pump her milk and discard it during this time to keep up her supply. During this time, the baby can drink her previously frozen breast milk or formula. These drugs include radioactive drugs used for some diagnostic tests like Gallium-67, Copper 64, Indium 111, Iodine 123, Iodine125, Iodine-131, radioactive sodium, or Technetium-99m, antimetabolites, and a few cancer chemotherapy agents.

There are drugs that if new mothers have to take them, they need to choose between taking them or breastfeeding.

Some of these drugs that should never be taken while breastfeeding include:

• Bromocriptine (Parlodel) – a drug for Parkinson’s disease, it also decreases a woman’s milk supply.
• Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, and most chemotherapy drugs for cancer – these drugs kill cells in the mother’s body and may harm the baby.
• Ergotamine (for migraine headaches); Methotrexate (for arthritis); and Cyclosporine (for severe arthritis and psoriasis, aplastic anemia, Crohn’s disease, kidney disease, and for after organ transplant surgery).

Drugs whose effects on nursing infants is not known but may be cause for concern include:

• Anti-anxiety drugs – Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Perphenazine, Prazepam, Quazepam, Temazepam.
• Antidepressant drugs – Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Bupropion, Clomipramine, Desipramine, Dothiepin, Doxepin, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Trazodone.
• Antipsychotic drugs – Chlorpromazine Galactorrhea, Chlorprothixene, Clozapine, Haloperidol, Mesoridazine, Trifluoperazine.
• Other drugs – Amiodarone, Chloramphenicol, Clofazimine, Lamotrigine, Metoclopramide, Metronidazole, Tinidazole.

Sleeping Close to Baby

In February 2005 in their policy statement on Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended that for breastfed healthy term infants, mothers and infants should sleep close to each other to help with breastfeeding.

AAP cites this recent study which found these answers about infant safety and sleeping close to or with parents:

• Co-sleeping with an infant on a sofa was associated with a particularly high risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
• Sharing a room with the parents was associated with a lower risk.
• There was no increased risk associated with bed sharing when the infant was placed back in his or her cot.
• Among parents who do not smoke or infants older than 14 weeks there was no association between infants being found in the parental bed and an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
• The risk linked with bed sharing among younger infants seems to be associated with recent parental consumption of alcohol, overcrowded housing conditions, extreme parental tiredness, and the infant being under a duvet.

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There are some factors to consider before breastfeeding your baby. We have compiled a list of some reasons breastfeeding may not work for you. In any case, it is of utmost importance that you consult with your health care provider and be certain that breastfeeding is safe. Most everything you put into your body can be transferred to your baby through breast milk.

• Some medicines, especially mood stabilizers and migraine medications, can be transferred to your baby through your breast milk.
• If you are taking any over-the-counter medications, prescriptions, or herbs, check with your doctor.
• If you have tuberculosis
• If you have a history of alcohol abuse or currently have an alcohol problem
• If you have a history of illegal drug use, or are currently using drugs
• If you have certain chronic illnesses (your doctor can advise you)
• If you have diabetes, you must eat a bit more to insure your blood sugar will not drop
• If you have had breast surgery, breastfeeding may not work for you
• If you HIV/AIDS

Other Breastfeeding Symptoms

There may be times when breastfeeding becomes too discouraging. You may wonder if you should stop nursing your baby. If any of the following happen, do no give up easily. You can still successfully breastfeed.

• Engorgement or hardening of the breasts
• Breast abscess
• Sore, cracked, or bleeding nipples
• Fever
• Use of antibiotics or some pain medications

If your breasts become engorged or hardened, it may solve your problem if you empty them by hand expressing or with a breast pump. The best way is to see if your baby will nurse away the excess milk. In the first few days of breastfeeding, it is normal for your breasts to become very tender, chapped, cracked and very sore. Ask your doctor about what creams or ointments your can safely use to help them heal quickly and are still safe for baby. In any case, the tenderness will go away as your nipple get used to nursing. In the case of antibiotic or pain medication use, your doctor can advise what is safe.

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